Self-reported discrimination against adults with hearing loss in Brazilian health services: results of the National Health Survey. / Discriminação social em adultos com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiro: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde.

This article aims to estimate the prevalence of self-reported discrimination against people with hearing loss in Brazilian health services and analyze associated factors. We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The final study sample comprised 1,464 individuals with self-reported hearing loss. Poisson regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of discrimination was 15%. Prevalence was higher among black people and respondents who reported experiencing limitations in activities of daily living. Prevalence of discrimination in Brazilian health services was highest in black people with limitations in activities of daily living. The implementation of policies and actions to address this problem is recommended, including strategies during the education and training of health professionals.

O artigo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência de discriminação social autorreferida em pessoas com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiros, verificando fatores associados à discriminação. Estudo transversal de base populacional, com dados de um inquérito epidemiológico domiciliar realizado ponderadamente em todo o território brasileiro no ano de 2013. A amostra final deste estudo compreendeu 1.464 adultos com perda auditiva autorreferida. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas para a investigação das prevalências de discriminação autorreferida nos serviços de saúde e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. A prevalência de discriminação em adultos com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiros foi de 15%. Indivíduos de cor/raça preta e que relataram que a perda auditiva limita as suas atividades de vida diária apresentaram maior associação com discriminação. Pessoas com deficiência auditiva de cor/raça preta e que apresentam limitação nas atividades da vida diária em decorrência da perda auditiva relataram maior discriminação nos serviços de saúde. Estratégias de enfrentamento à discriminação de profissionais da área da saúde devem ser implementadas para que esse cenário seja modificado.

Discriminação social em adultos com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiro: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Self-reported discrimination against adults with hearing loss in Brazilian health services: results of the National Health Survey

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência de discriminação social autorreferida em pessoas com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiros, verificando fatores associados à discriminação. Estudo transversal de base populacional, com dados de um inquérito epidemiológico domiciliar realizado ponderadamente em todo o território brasileiro no ano de 2013. A amostra final deste estudo compreendeu 1.464 adultos com perda auditiva autorreferida. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas para a investigação das prevalências de discriminação autorreferida nos serviços de saúde e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. A prevalência de discriminação em adultos com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiros foi de 15%. Indivíduos de cor/raça preta e que relataram que a perda auditiva limita as suas atividades de vida diária apresentaram maior associação com discriminação. Pessoas com deficiência auditiva de cor/raça preta e que apresentam limitação nas atividades da vida diária em decorrência da perda auditiva relataram maior discriminação nos serviços de saúde. Estratégias de enfrentamento à discriminação de profissionais da área da saúde devem ser implementadas para que esse cenário seja modificado.

Abstract This article aims to estimate the prevalence of self-reported discrimination against people with hearing loss in Brazilian health services and analyze associated factors. We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The final study sample comprised 1,464 individuals with self-reported hearing loss. Poisson regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of discrimination was 15%. Prevalence was higher among black people and respondents who reported experiencing limitations in activities of daily living. Prevalence of discrimination in Brazilian health services was highest in black people with limitations in activities of daily living. The implementation of policies and actions to address this problem is recommended, including strategies during the education and training of health professionals.

Tooth Loss Condition and Social Discrimination in Brazilian Healthcare Services.

Objective: To explore factors associated with social discrimination against users of health services regarding dental aesthetic conditions. Methods: Based on a Brazilian National Survey, multivariate Poisson regressions with robust variance were used to explore the association of outcome discrimination related to different motivations in health services and exposure to sociodemographic and dental variables. Effect modification by complete prosthesis wearing was assessed. Results: Among the 60,200 people interviewed, 11.5% reported being discriminated against in health services. For women, a higher prevalence of discrimination was found among those in the age group of 30-44 years. For both sexes, discrimination was associated with black and brown skin color. Regarding dental characteristics, the higher the tooth loss was, the higher the prevalence of discrimination; however, complete prosthesis wearing presented as a protective factor. Social discrimination was the major motivation for reported discrimination and presented higher prevalence in edentulous individuals who did not wear prosthesis. Conclusion: Dental loss may lead to self-reported discrimination in health care services. The prevalence of discrimination increases when tooth loss increases, and the major reason associated is social discrimination.

Self-rated health and hearing disorders: study of the Brazilian hearing-impaired population.

Hearing impairment (HI) is one of the most impacting handicaps related to social life, and 21% have intense limitation compromising daily activities. However, few studies have investigated SRH in HI. This article aims to verify the association between HI and SRH and factors related to hearing characteristics. Cross-sectional study data from National Health Survey (NHS, 2013) conducted with 1,100 hearing impaired adults (≥18 years old). The outcome was SHR, categorized as good or poor. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to calculate Prevalence Ratios. Sociodemographic variables and characteristics of HI, such as congenital or acquired HI, type of HI, wear hearing aids, and limitation were used in adjusted analysis. Poor SRH was more prevalent in acquired HI, limitation of daily activities, sociodemographic characteristics such as aging, female, black or other skin color, and lower schooling. Poor SRH is related to acquired HI, limitation of daily activities and sociodemographic conditions.

O apoio institucional e as ações das equipes de saúde bucal na atenção primária à saúde no Brasil / Institutional support and actions of oral health teams in primary health care in Brazil

O apoio institucional é uma ferramenta de articulação de práticas e de estratégias de gestão colegiada fundamental para construção de espaços de produção de saúde bucal no escopo da atenção primária à saúde. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de analisar a atuação do apoio institucional em relação a participação das equipes de saúde bucal em ações de monitoramento, reunião de equipe e organização de processo de trabalho na Atenção Primária. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base em serviço, com dados coletados pelo segundo ciclo do PMAQ- AB-SB por meio do instrumento de Avaliação Externa para as Equipes de Saúde Bucal. Para análise dos dados foi proposto um desfecho construído a partir do conjunto de ações realizadas pelo apoio institucional nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde. O desfecho foi analisado segundo ações não clínicas realizadas por equipes de saúde bucal na atenção primária. Os dados foram analisados por descrição de prevalência e associações bivariadas por meio do Teste do Qui-quadrado e do Teste Exato de Fisher. Como resultado observou-se que a taxa de prevalência nacional do conjunto de ações do apoio institucional foi de 23,3%. As macrorregiões Nordeste (25,2%) e Sudeste (26,6%) apresentaram melhores resultados. Houve associação entre o conjunto de ações do apoio institucional com realização de discussão dos dados de monitoramento, participação em reuniões da equipe de atenção primária e planejamento e organização do processo de trabalho. Conclui-se que há necessidade de maiores investimentos na implementação do apoio institucional em Unidades de Saúde qualificando processos de trabalho.

Institutional support is a tool for the articulation regarding practices and strategies of collegiate management, which are important for the construction of oral health production spaces at the primary health care space. This study aims to analyze the role of institutional support in relation to the participation of oral health teams in monitoring actions, teamwork and work process organization in Primary Care. This is a cross-sectional in-service study, with data collected by the second cycle of PMAQ- AB-SB through the External Assessment Tool for Oral Health Teams. For data analysis, an outcome was proposed based on the set of actions performed by institutional support. The outcome was analyzed according to actions performed by oral health teams in primary care. The data were analyzed by the description of prevalence and bivariate associations using the cChi-square test and Fisher's exact test. As a result, it was observed that the national prevalence rate of institutional support actions was 23.3%. The Northeast (25.2%) and Southeast (26.6%) macroregions had better results. There was an association between the set of institutional support actions and the discussion of monitoring data, participation in primary care team meetings, and planning and organization of the work process. It is concluded that there is a need for greater investment in the implementation of institutional support in Health Units, qualifying work processes.

Caries experience in caregiver-intellectual deficient pair: Influence of caregiver's psychological morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate how determinants of psychological morbidity were associated with dental caries experience in the caregiver-intellectual deficient pair. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 299 pair, who had their oral health status assessed using the DMFT index (decayed, missing and filled teeth). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, quality of sleep, and socioeconomic variables were measured in caregivers. Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression with the caregiver and children's caries index as outcome. RESULTS: The average prevalence of DMFT/dmft was 7.48 (SD ± 3.9) for students with ID and DMFT was 14.7 (SD ± 8.1) for their caregivers. For the caregiver's oral health, the following psychic comorbidities were associated with worse oral health condition: anxiety (PR = 1.48; 95%CI 1.07-2.06), depression (PR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.05-1.85), high level of stress (PR = 1.58; 95%CI 1.17-2.13) and sleep disorders (PR = 1.59; 95%CI 1.18-2.14). For people with ID, the caregiver's psychic comorbidities also showed association with a worse oral health condition, including anxiety (PR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.03-1.74), depression (PR = 1.28; 95%CI 1.01-1.67) and high level of stress (PR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.14-2.32), as well as mother's high level of DMFT (PR = 1.96; 95%CI 1.28-3.03). CONCLUSION: Symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were associated with higher levels of dental caries experience for caregivers and for people with intellectual disabilities.

Actions for tuberculosis controlin Brazil: evaluation of primary care. / Ações para o controle da tuberculoseno Brasil: avaliação da atenção básica.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate the factors associated with actions for the control of tuberculosis (TB) in primary care (PC) in the five Brazilian macroregions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out with data from the second cycle of the National Program for Improving Access to and Quality of Primary Care. Theoutcome of the study was constructed based on a set of items that were considered essential for the treatment and control of tuberculosis in Primary Care Units (PCUs). Data were analyzed using the χ2 test and Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The national prevalence of the set of items to control tuberculosis was 17.22%. TheNortheast (11.18%) and North (12.15%) had the worst performance. The main results indicate association with this outcome for PCUs performing educational actions for TB (PR = 1.53; 95%CI 1.45 - 1.62), those performing HIV serology (PR = 1.68; 95%CI 1.11 - 2.54), those that have a reception room (PR = 1.61; 95%CI 1.46 - 1.79) and those performing continuing education activities (PR = 1.73; 95%CI 1.54 - 1.95). CONCLUSION: The results show a weakness in the structures and in the work process of PC in relation to the control of tuberculosis in all Brazilian regions.

OBJETIVO: Descrever e avaliar os fatores associados ao conjunto de ações para o controle da tuberculose (TB) na atenção básica (AB) nas cinco macrorregiões brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base em serviço com dados obtidos a partir do segundo ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). O desfecho foi construído a partir de um conjunto de itens que caracterizam a realização de ações para o cuidado no controle e tratamento da TB nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBSs). Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste do χ2 e da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS: A prevalência nacional do conjunto de ações para controle da TB foi de 17,22%, sendo que as macrorregiões Nordeste (11,18%) e Norte (12,15%) tiveram o pior desempenho. Os resultados principais apontam que houve associação da presença do conjunto de ações para o controle da TB com as UBSs que realizam ações educativas para TB [razão de prevalência - RP = 1,53 (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,45 - 1,62)], sorologia para HIV [RP = 1,68 (IC95% 1,11 - 2,54)], possuem sala de acolhimento [RP=1,61(IC95% 1,46 - 1,79)] e atividades de educação permanente [RP = 1,73 (IC95% 1,54- 1,95)]. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstram fragilidade nas estruturas e no processo de trabalho da AB em relação ao controle da TB em todas as regiões brasileiras.

Access to oral health in early childhood in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. / Acesso à saúde bucal na primeira infância no município de Porto Alegre, Brasil.

The goal was to assess the access and factors connected to dental visits in children up to age five in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 Basic Health Units through a questionnaire and clinical examination on 560 children. Clinical (visible plaque, gingival bleeding and defs), socio-demographic, and visit access variables were assessed. Poisson Regression was used to calculate the Prevalence Ratios (PR), with a 95% confidence interval. Results showed that 68.2% of children had never gone to a dentist. The main reason reported for not visiting a dentist was not feeling the need (48.7%) and difficult access to a health clinic (15.8%). The purpose of going to the dentist was for prevention/revision (55.8%), and the most sought-after places for visits were the private office (43.9%) and health clinic (39.5%). The final multivariate model showed that age of the child (95%CI, PR = 1.03 (1.02-1.05)), household income (PR = 1.05; (1.01-1.08)), and the mother having completed high school (PR = 1.69 (1.15-2.56)) were associated with seeking dental consultation. Thus, it is crucial to recognize the importance of the family setting during the first years of life.

O objetivo foi avaliar o acesso e fatores associados à consulta odontológica em crianças de até 5 anos no município de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Estudo transversal realizado em 10 Unidades Básicas de Saúde, através de questionário e exame clínico em 560 crianças. Foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas (placa visível, sangramento gengival e ceo-s), sociodemográficas, e de acesso à consulta. Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para cálculo de Razões de Prevalência (RP), com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os resultados mostraram que 68,2% das crianças nunca haviam ido ao dentista. O principal motivo relatado para a não realização de consulta odontológica foi não ter sentido necessidade (48,7%) e dificuldade de acesso ao posto de saúde (15,8%). A procura pelo dentista teve como propósito a prevenção/revisão (55,8%) e os locais mais procurados para consultas foi o consultório particular (43,9%) e o posto de saúde (39,5%). O modelo multivariado final mostrou que a idade da criança (IC95%, RP = 1,03 (1,02-1,05)), a renda familiar (RP = 1,05; (1,01-1,08)) e a mãe ter concluído o ensino médio (RP = 1,69 (1,15-2,56)) estiveram associados com a procura por consulta odontológica. Assim, torna-se fundamental reconhecer a importância do contexto familiar durante os primeiros anos de vida.

Acesso à saúde bucal na primeira infância no município de Porto Alegre, Brasil / Access to oral health in early childhood in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar o acesso e fatores associados à consulta odontológica em crianças de até 5 anos no município de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Estudo transversal realizado em 10 Unidades Básicas de Saúde, através de questionário e exame clínico em 560 crianças. Foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas (placa visível, sangramento gengival e ceo-s), sociodemográficas, e de acesso à consulta. Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para cálculo de Razões de Prevalência (RP), com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os resultados mostraram que 68,2% das crianças nunca haviam ido ao dentista. O principal motivo relatado para a não realização de consulta odontológica foi não ter sentido necessidade (48,7%) e dificuldade de acesso ao posto de saúde (15,8%). A procura pelo dentista teve como propósito a prevenção/revisão (55,8%) e os locais mais procurados para consultas foi o consultório particular (43,9%) e o posto de saúde (39,5%). O modelo multivariado final mostrou que a idade da criança (IC95%, RP = 1,03 (1,02-1,05)), a renda familiar (RP = 1,05; (1,01-1,08)) e a mãe ter concluído o ensino médio (RP = 1,69 (1,15-2,56)) estiveram associados com a procura por consulta odontológica. Assim, torna-se fundamental reconhecer a importância do contexto familiar durante os primeiros anos de vida.

Abstract The goal was to assess the access and factors connected to dental visits in children up to age five in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 Basic Health Units through a questionnaire and clinical examination on 560 children. Clinical (visible plaque, gingival bleeding and defs), socio-demographic, and visit access variables were assessed. Poisson Regression was used to calculate the Prevalence Ratios (PR), with a 95% confidence interval. Results showed that 68.2% of children had never gone to a dentist. The main reason reported for not visiting a dentist was not feeling the need (48.7%) and difficult access to a health clinic (15.8%). The purpose of going to the dentist was for prevention/revision (55.8%), and the most sought-after places for visits were the private office (43.9%) and health clinic (39.5%). The final multivariate model showed that age of the child (95%CI, PR = 1.03 (1.02-1.05)), household income (PR = 1.05; (1.01-1.08)), and the mother having completed high school (PR = 1.69 (1.15-2.56)) were associated with seeking dental consultation. Thus, it is crucial to recognize the importance of the family setting during the first years of life.

Dental care for early childhood in Brazil: from the public policy to evidence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether characteristics of health services, oral health team and dental surgeon are associated with provision of dental care for children up to five years old in Brazilian Primary Health Care. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with data from 18,114 oral health teams in Brazil, evaluated in 2014 by the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care. The study outcome was the proven performance of dental procedures on children up to five years old. Statistical analysis was performed by Poisson regression based on a hierarchical model, where the first level was composed of service organization variables, the intermediate level composed of unit planning characteristics, and the proximal level composed of variables related to dental surgeon characteristics. RESULTS: Prevalence of dental care performed by oral health teams was 80.9% (n = 14,239). Scheduled appointments and activities of education in health were positively associated with the outcome, as well as planning and programming activities for the population and monitoring and analysis of oral health indicators. Complementary training in public health, continuing education activities and career plan were variables related to dental surgeons associated with the service provision. CONCLUSIONS: One fifth of health units in Brazil do not provide dental care for children in early childhood. Health units' well-structured organization and planning protocols are associated with the provision of this service, as well as better employment relationship and graduate activities for dental surgeons.

Dental care for early childhood in Brazil: from the public policy to evidence / Atendimento odontológico na primeira infância no Brasil: da política pública à evidência

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether characteristics of health services, oral health team and dental surgeon are associated with provision of dental care for children up to five years old in Brazilian Primary Health Care. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with data from 18,114 oral health teams in Brazil, evaluated in 2014 by the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care. The study outcome was the proven performance of dental procedures on children up to five years old. Statistical analysis was performed by Poisson regression based on a hierarchical model, where the first level was composed of service organization variables, the intermediate level composed of unit planning characteristics, and the proximal level composed of variables related to dental surgeon characteristics. RESULTS: Prevalence of dental care performed by oral health teams was 80.9% (n = 14,239). Scheduled appointments and activities of education in health were positively associated with the outcome, as well as planning and programming activities for the population and monitoring and analysis of oral health indicators. Complementary training in public health, continuing education activities and career plan were variables related to dental surgeons associated with the service provision. CONCLUSIONS: One fifth of health units in Brazil do not provide dental care for children in early childhood. Health units' well-structured organization and planning protocols are associated with the provision of this service, as well as better employment relationship and graduate activities for dental surgeons.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar se características dos serviços de saúde, da equipe de saúde bucal e do cirurgião-dentista estão associadas à prestação de atendimento odontológico a crianças de até cinco anos de idade na atenção básica brasileira. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com dados de 18.114 equipes de saúde bucal do Brasil avaliadas pelo Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade em 2014. O desfecho do estudo foi a realização comprovada de procedimentos odontológicos em crianças de até cinco anos de idade. A análise estatística foi feita por regressão de Poisson com base em um modelo hierárquico, sendo o primeiro nível composto por variáveis de organização do serviço, o nível intermediário por características de planejamento da unidade e o nível proximal por variáveis relacionadas ao cirurgião-dentista. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de realização do atendimento odontológico pelas equipes de saúde bucal foi de 80,9% (n = 14.239). Consultas agendadas e atividades de educação em saúde se associaram positivamente ao desfecho, bem como atividades de planejamento e programação para a população e o monitoramento e análise de indicadores de saúde bucal. Formação complementar em saúde pública, atividades de educação permanente e plano de carreira foram variáveis relacionadas aos cirurgiões-dentistas que se associaram à prestação do serviço. CONCLUSÕES: Um quinto das unidades de saúde do Brasil não realiza atendimento odontológico na primeira infância. Protocolos de organização e planejamento bem-estruturados nas unidades de saúde estão associados à realização desse atendimento, bem como melhores vínculos trabalhistas e atividades de pós-graduação para os cirurgiões-dentistas.

Ações para o controle da tuberculoseno Brasil: avaliação da atenção básica / Actions for tuberculosis controlin Brazil: evaluation of primary care

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever e avaliar os fatores associados ao conjunto de ações para o controle da tuberculose (TB) na atenção básica (AB) nas cinco macrorregiões brasileiras. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base em serviço com dados obtidos a partir do segundo ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). O desfecho foi construído a partir de um conjunto de itens que caracterizam a realização de ações para o cuidado no controle e tratamento da TB nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBSs). Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste do χ2 e da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: A prevalência nacional do conjunto de ações para controle da TB foi de 17,22%, sendo que as macrorregiões Nordeste (11,18%) e Norte (12,15%) tiveram o pior desempenho. Os resultados principais apontam que houve associação da presença do conjunto de ações para o controle da TB com as UBSs que realizam ações educativas para TB [razão de prevalência - RP = 1,53 (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,45 - 1,62)], sorologia para HIV [RP = 1,68 (IC95% 1,11 - 2,54)], possuem sala de acolhimento [RP=1,61(IC95% 1,46 - 1,79)] e atividades de educação permanente [RP = 1,73 (IC95% 1,54- 1,95)]. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram fragilidade nas estruturas e no processo de trabalho da AB em relação ao controle da TB em todas as regiões brasileiras.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe and evaluate the factors associated with actions for the control of tuberculosis (TB) in primary care (PC) in the five Brazilian macroregions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out with data from the second cycle of the National Program for Improving Access to and Quality of Primary Care. Theoutcome of the study was constructed based on a set of items that were considered essential for the treatment and control of tuberculosis in Primary Care Units (PCUs). Data were analyzed using the χ2 test and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: The national prevalence of the set of items to control tuberculosis was 17.22%. TheNortheast (11.18%) and North (12.15%) had the worst performance. The main results indicate association with this outcome for PCUs performing educational actions for TB (PR = 1.53; 95%CI 1.45 - 1.62), those performing HIV serology (PR = 1.68; 95%CI 1.11 - 2.54), those that have a reception room (PR = 1.61; 95%CI 1.46 - 1.79) and those performing continuing education activities (PR = 1.73; 95%CI 1.54 - 1.95). Conclusion: The results show a weakness in the structures and in the work process of PC in relation to the control of tuberculosis in all Brazilian regions.

Facility infrastructure of primary health services regarding tuberculosis control: a countrywide cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health problem in many countries, including Brazil. Primary health care (PHC) services are a set of important services with infrastructure and resources to diagnose, treat, and cure several diseases, including the TB. AIM: The aim of this study is to analyse aspects of the facility infrastructure of Brazilian PHC, regarding the control and treatment of TB from a countrywide perspective. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study based on PHC services. Data were collected from 38,812 health centres and were assessed by means of the National Program for Improving Access and Quality Primary Care. The outcome was obtained by the presence and availability of the following infrastructure items: air circulation in the consultation room, refrigerator, individual protective equipment, plastic jar for sputum examination, and TB notification form of the primary care information system. Poisson regression was used to calculate the prevalence ratio. FINDINGS: Of the 38,812 evaluated centres, only 1628 (4.2%) presented a positive result regarding the outcome. Primary health centres, among all types of centres, presented the highest quality of facility infrastructure for TB control. Centres with large workloads, as well as those that presented a list of offered services and a welcoming consulting room, also presented the highest quality infrastructure. The present study shows that major improvements should be made to the infrastructure to reach a satisfactory TB control in Brazil.

Deglutição no envelhecimento e a odontologia / Swallowing in aging and dentistry

As alterações morfológicas e funcionais que atingemo sistema estomatognático podem ser agravadas porperdas de dentes e utilização de prótese dentária, quecomprometem o ato mastigatório e a deglutição de idosos.Objetivo: assim, propõe-se a presente revisão deliteratura, que tem como objetivo estreitar os conhecimentosque devem existir entre a Fonoaudiologia e aOdontologia, discorrendo sobre as evidências atuais ehistórico-conceituais mais relevantes sobre deglutiçãoque aproximam as duas especialidades, principalmenteem indivíduos idosos. Revisão de literatura: foram incluídosno estudo 101 trabalhos, selecionados a partirdas bases de dados PubMed Central, Scientific EletronicLibrary Online, Science Direct, SciELO, PeriódicoCapes e identificados até abril de 2018 em inglês, portuguêse espanhol. Destaca-se entre os achados a crescenteinserção da Odontologia na atuação da disfagiaorofaríngea. A falta de cuidados coordenados na atençãoao idoso interfere no seu bem-estar geral e na suaqualidade de vida. Considerações finais: as evidênciasda literatura demonstram importante avanço na identificação,no diagnóstico e na reabilitação da disfagiaorofaríngea, que, por meio da reabilitação bucal, demonstrouser relevante na prevenção de alterações nadeglutição. (AU)

The morphological and functional changes that affect the stomatognathic system may be aggravated by tooth loss and the use of dental prosthesis, which compromise mastication and swallowing by the elderly. Objective: thus, the present literature review is proposed, aiming to approach the knowledge that should exist between Speech Therapy and Dentistry, discussing the most significant current, historical, and conceptual evidence on swallowing that bring the two specialties together, especially in elderly individuals. Literature review: a total of 101 studies were included, and they were selected from the databases PubMed Central, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Science Direct, SciELO, and Capes journal, identified up to April 2018 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Standing out among the findings is the increasing insertion of Dentistry in oropharyngeal dysphagia. The lack of coordinated care for the elderly interferes with their general well-being and quality of life. Final considerations: evidence from the literature shows important advances in the identification, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of oropharyngeal dysphagia, which through oral rehabilitation has been considered significant for preventing swallowing disorders. (AU)

Influence of dental factors on oropharyngeal dysphagia among recipients of long-term care.

OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated the association of the sociodemographic, behavioural variables and the oral conditions with the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in long-term care older persons. BACKGROUND: Due to the influence of ageing, swallowing may be altered both in people with natural teeth and in those who have dentures or tooth loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated 115 individuals older than 60 years, living in long-term care institutions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul in 2016. The diagnosis of dysphagia happen using a clinical speech evaluation, based on the research of signals and symptoms of alterations during deglutition, and on an oral sensory-motor evaluation. The dental clinical evaluation examined the oral cavity, teeth and dental prostheses, including a Xerostomia assessment. Poisson Regressions with robust variance was calculated were used to estimate crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios(PR) and their IC95%. RESULTS: The sample was mostly comprised of older women (67.0%), with more than 81 years of age (44.3%) and edentulous (54.3%). Diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia was verified in 60.9% of the participants. In the final model, older persons who presented no pair (PR=1.52(CI95%=1.02-2.40)) had a highest prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia, when compared to older persons who presented 8 to 14 mixed pairs, as well as those older persons who had more complaints related to symptoms of Xerostomia (PR=2.86(CI95% 1.58-5.18)). CONCLUSION: Institutionalised older persons with a poor oral health condition are associated with a higher prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia, as well as with the presence of Xerostomia.

Curative procedures of oral health and structural characteristics of primary dental care.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the provision of clinical dental care, by means of the main curative procedures recommended in Primary Health Care, is associated with team structural characteristics, considering the presence of a minimum set of equipment, instrument, and supplies in Brazil's primary health care services. METHODS: A cross-sectional exploratory study based on data collected from 18,114 primary healthcare services with dental health teams in Brazil, in 2014. The outcome was created from the confirmation of five clinical procedures performed by the dentist, accounting for the presence of minimum equipment, instrument, and supplies to carry them out. Covariables were related to structural characteristics. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to obtain crude and adjusted prevalence ratios, with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 1,190 (6.5%) dental health teams did not present the minimum equipment to provide clinical dental care and only 2,498 (14.8%) had all the instrument and supplies needed and provided the five curative procedures assessed. There was a positive association between the outcome and the composition of dental health teams, higher workload, performing analysis of health condition, and monitoring of oral health indicators. Additionally, the dental health teams that planned and programmed oral health actions with the primary care team monthly provided the procedures more frequently. Dentists with better employment status, career plans, graduation in public health or those who underwent permanent education activities provided the procedures more frequently. CONCLUSIONS: A relevant number of Primary Health Care services did not have the infrastructure to provide clinical dental care. However, better results were found in dental health teams with oral health technicians, with higher workload and that plan their activities, as well as in those that employed dentists with better working relationships, who had dentists with degrees in public health and who underwent permanent education activities.

Early Childhood Caries and Family-Related Determining Factors in a Southern Brazilian City

Objective: To evaluate the factors associated to Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in a population of children under 5 years old in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted at 10 Primary Healthcare Units during the 2008 Nationwide Multi-Vaccination Campaign. A questionnaire was administered to parents and guardians to look into their social-demographic and economic variables, along with their dental health practices. The children underwent dental examination. The presence of visible plaque and dental caries was evaluated using the DMFS index. Chi-Square tests and Poisson regression were conducted, with robust variance for prevalence ratios (PR). Results: 560 children were evaluated, most of them male (51.6%) and at the average age of 32.6 (±16.2) months. Their average family income was 3.21(±4.8) Brazilian minimum monthly salaries. Paternal schooling, number of children, and living conditions were not significantly associated to the dental caries and visible plaque outcomes. According to our multivariate analysis, greater maternal schooling resulted in fewer cavities (PR=0.26; CI95%0.09-0.81) and less visible plaque (PR=0.40; CI95%0.21-0.79). On the other hand, children enrolled in day care or taken care by "others" showed higher caries prevalence (PR=1.58; CI95%1.00-2.48) (PR=1.90; CI95%1.23-2.95), respectively, and those whose families were the mother/child type showed higher visible plaque prevalence (PR=1.44; CI95%1.07-1.95). Conclusion: It is important to recognize that issues related to maternal schooling, the care given, and family organization are factors associated to ECC in a population of under 5-year-olds in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Discrimination, gender and self-reported aesthetic problems among Brazilian Adults.

OBJECTIVES: To explore factors associated with discrimination in healthcare services and to assess whether discrimination based on dental aesthetics differs by sex. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis based on a household survey carried out in a city in Southern Brazil. Fifteen primary health care (PHC) units with a dental team were randomly selected, and individuals who used the public services in the catchment areas of the PHC units were interviewed. The survey questionnaire included experiences with discrimination related to health services, sociodemographic and dental characteristics. Multiple logistic regressions were estimated with dental appearance as outcome. RESULTS: The final sample was composed of 433 individuals, with 15.2% reporting being discriminated in health services. Participants with ≥20 teeth were significantly more likely to report discrimination than those with <20 teeth (16.6% vs 9.1%, respectively), and people with twisted and stained teeth reported more discrimination than those with white and aligned teeth (23.2% vs 9.9%, respectively). Overall, individuals with twisted and stained teeth were more likely to report discrimination (OR=3.13; 95% CI: 1.46-6.71). When the analyses were stratified by sex, women with twisted and stained teeth showed an OR=3.62 (95% CI: 1.55-8.46) and men OR=0.54 (95% CI: 0.05-6.18). CONCLUSION: Dental appearance may lead to discrimination in healthcare services, but this seems to be more important for women than men.

Perceptions of primary health care service users regarding dental team practices in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The Unified Health System (SUS) is the Brazilian set of public health services that offers global access to health care and disease treatments for all citizens. These services have been evaluated by means of a national survey assessing the users' perceptions.AimTo explore and characterize the SUS users' perceptions regarding primary dental team practices in the five Brazilian geographical regions. METHODS: Descriptive study. The sample consisted of 37 262 subjects. Data were collected by means of the Ministry of Health survey, conducted between 2012 and 2014. Variables used in the present study are associated with SUS users' perspectives of satisfaction, access, and use of services. The study utilized bivariate data analysis, and dichotomous variables were derived for analysis following 95% reliability.FindingsThis study observed similarities and proportionality of perceptions in the Brazilian territory. In most macro-regions, dental teams did not develop an active search for dental treatment absentees. However, the SUS users reported very good and good perceptions, which were homogeneously distributed across five Brazilian regions, thereby showing an overall positive perception of primary dental treatment.

Development of a simplified dysphagia assessment by dentists in older persons.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a simplified clinical examination of swallowing by dentists and the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10), when compared with the diagnosis provided by a speech pathologist (gold standard). METHODS: Three dentists and 1 speech pathologist clinically evaluated 265 older persons in southern Brazil, 123 were residents in long-term care and 142 were community-dwelling, all able to respond to the research protocol independently. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (+PV and -PV), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (+LR and -LR) were calculated according to standard methods. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. RESULTS: Mean age of the participants was 73.5 (±8.9) years and most of them were women (N = 157, 59.2%). The prevalence of dysphagia as diagnosed by a speech pathologist was 45.3%. The accuracy of diagnosis was 0.84 for the clinical examination of swallowing by dentists. Furthermore, sensitivity was 0.77, specificity was 0.89, +PV was 0.85, -PV was 0.83, +LR was 7.02 and -LR was 0.25. The accuracy of EAT-10 was 0.72, the sensitivity was 0.45, specificity was 0.94, +PV was 0.87, -PV was 0.67, +LR was 8.31 and -LR was 0.57. CONCLUSIONS: Simplified clinical examination of swallowing by dentists was found to be an accurate method to screen dysphagia in older persons.